This book is intended to be a first text in programming in general with emphasis on the C language. It is meant for students with little or no previous programming experience. Topics covered includes: Computer System Organization, Organization of C Programs, Testing the Program, Input Reading Data, Designing Programs Top Down, Processing Character Data, Numeric Data Types and Expression Evaluation, Arrays, Functions and Files, Sorting and Searching, String Processing, Two Dimensional Arrays, Structures and Unions, File Input and Output, Storage Class and Scope, Engineering Programming Examples. This is not a tutorial introduction to programming. The book is designed for programmers who already have some experience of using a modern high-level procedural programming language. Topics covered includes: Variables and Arithmetic, Control of Flow and Logical Expressions, Functions, Arrays and Pointers, Structured Data Types, The Preprocessor, Specialized Areas of C, Libraries and Complete Programs in C.
Sponsored links download books on: Free C ebooks online © Copyright 2016-2017. FreeBookCentre.net, All Rights Reserved.
The New C Standard: a free download C Language Book Material Updated Jun 09 Version 1.2 has been released. The 10.5M pdf can be downloaded from. Blog contains observations on the shape of code, plus some thoughts and musings on why this shape occurs.
Major changes. Over 35 new references, mostly to papers published since the last version was published (Jan 08). Some new source code measurement tables and figures added and some existing ones tuned. See the for details (changes between ). What's available As well as providing a pdf of the complete book 'The New C Standard: An Economic and Cultural Commentary', for free, various material has been extracted to create pdfs of specialist subsections and subjects. Articles and experiments based on the book.
provides an introduction to those areas of cognitive psychology that are considered applicable to writing software and in particular coding guidelines. (used to be 766) discusses aspects of human vision thought to be applicable to the interests of this book. (used to be 787) discusses identifier naming in great depth. All contained in this book. The subsections (i.e., no other subsections).
The book 'The New C Standard: An Economic and Cultural Commentary' (version 1.2 dated June 24 2009, ) is available as a free download, and in pdf form (10.5M byte). The Standard C sentences only (in Google searchable html form) are available along with site specific Google search and a Firefox. Bugs that have been found in the previous version and corrected in the next release can be found (last updated 24 Jun 2009). WG14/N1256 can be found. Articles based on the book (its entry). Presented at the 2002 MISRA C Conference. On coding guidelines.
The ACCU 2003 Identifier Experiment web page is. The ACCU 2004 Memory Experiment web page is. The ACCU 2005 Data Structure Experiment web page is. The ACCU 2006 Operator precedence and memory Experiment web page is. The ACCU 2007 Operand naming and memory Experiment web page is.
The ACCU 2008 Classification and grouping Experiment web page is. The ACCU 2009 Classification and selection Experiment web page is. Sentence 0 (introduction) Establishes C's place in the world (history and C issues) and gives a brief introduction to computer language translator technology. Discusses coding guidelines from an economic and cultural perspective, and provides an overview of human cognitive psychology, as it is seen to apply to the human interaction with source code.
This is all the material from (29 Jan 08) (previous version obtainable via its entry on ). Sentence 770 (reading) This is all the material from (30 Jan 08) (previous version btainable via its entry on ). Sentence 792 (identifiers) This is all the material from (30 Jan 08) (previous version obtainable via its entry on ). A lot of material on how people process character sequences that does not seem to produce very many answers on how to create good identifier spellings.
Usage, Figures, and Tables This is all the figures, tables, and usage discussion only (30 Jan 08), not yet obtainable via an entry on CiteSeer, via this site. The programs and scripts used to analyse the source code and produce the data displayed in many of the figures and tables is available for. Note the the scripts have only been tested under Red Hat 9 and Suse 10.0. You need to provide C source (otherwise there is nothing to measure). C90/C Only the C90 and C subsections (29 Jan 08). Citations as a html file (24 Jun 09) or as a compressed file. List of documents.
Pre-order book here Addison-Wesley decided they did not want to publish the book (so much for contracts). At the moment paper copies are not available from any publisher. If you are a publisher interested in supplying paper copies then get in touch. In the meantime people might like to register their interest in obtaining a paper copy by adding the book to their wish list at Amazon. News items A write-up in The Inquirer. The Slashdot. A discussion of the number of downloads that occurred as a result of the various announcements is available.
Other coding guideline discussions A critique of the MISRA C guidelines is available. Tools Tools used in the production of the book include:.
For drawing graphs (of the x/y axis kind). For drawing graphs (of the directed and undirected kind). For grammar checking. For final pdf generation.
For xml processing. For line drawings. Grammatical Typos I have created a page dealing with automatically detecting grammatical. Feedback Please send any feedback to Last updated © Copyright 2001-2009. Knowledge Software Ltd. All rights reserved.
Second edition The C Programming Language (sometimes termed K&R, after its authors' initials) is a written by and, the latter of whom originally designed and implemented the language, as well as co-designed the with which development of the language was closely intertwined. The book was central to the development and popularization of the and is still widely read and used today. Because the book was co-authored by the original language designer, and because the first edition of the book served for many years as the standard for the language, the book was regarded by many to be the authoritative reference on C. Contents. History The first edition of the book, published in 1978, was the first widely available book on the C programming language.
C was created. Wrote the first C tutorial. The authors came together to write the book in conjunction with the language's early development at AT&T. The version of C described in this book is sometimes termed K&R C (after the book's authors), often to distinguish this early version from the later version of C standardized as. In 1988, the second of the book was published, updated to cover the changes to the language resulting from the then-new ANSI C standard, particularly with the inclusion of reference material on. The second edition (and as of 2018, the most recent edition) of the book has since been translated into over 20 languages. In 2012, an eBook version of the second edition was published in ePub, Mobi, and PDF formats.
ANSI C, first standardized in 1989 (as ANSI X3.159-1989), has since undergone several revisions, the most recent of which is ISO/IEC 9899:2011 (also termed ), adopted as an standard in October 2011. However, no new edition of The C Programming Language has been issued to cover the more recent standards. Reception magazine stated in August 1983, ' The C Programming Language is the definitive work on the C language. Don't read any further until you have this book!' Wrote in the magazine that year that the book 'is still the standard. A bit terse'. He continued, 'You can learn the C language without getting Kernighan and Ritchie, but that's doing it the hard way.
You're also working too hard if you make it the only book on C that you buy.' Influence The C Programming Language has often been cited as a model for, with reviewers describing it as having clear presentation and concise treatment. Examples generally consist of complete programs of the type one is likely to encounter in daily use of the language, with an emphasis on.
Its authors said: We have tried to retain the brevity of the first edition. C is not a big language, and it is not well served by a big book. We have improved the exposition of critical features, such as pointers, that are central to C programming. We have refined the original examples, and have added new examples in several chapters.
For instance, the treatment of complicated declarations is augmented by programs that convert declarations into words and vice versa. As before, all examples have been tested directly from the text, which is in machine-readable form. 'Hello world' program by Brian Kernighan (1978) The book introduced the ' program, which prints only the text 'hello, world', as an illustration of a minimal working C program. Since then, many texts have followed that convention for introducing a programming language. Before the advent of, the first edition of the text served as the de facto standard of the language for writers of C compilers. With the standardization of ANSI C, the authors more consciously wrote the second edition for programmers rather than compiler writers, saying: Appendix A, the reference manual, is not the standard, but our attempt to convey the essentials of the standard in a smaller space.
It is meant for easy comprehension by programmers, but not as a definition for compiler writers—that role properly belongs to the standard itself. Appendix B is a summary of the facilities of the standard library. It too is meant for reference by programmers, not implementers. Appendix C is a concise summary of the changes from the original version.
— preface to the second edition The influence of The C Programming Language on programmers, a generation of whom first worked with C in universities and industry, has led many to accept the authors' programming style and conventions as recommended practice, if not normative practice. For example, the coding and formatting style of the programs presented in both editions of the book is often referred to as 'K&R style' or the ' and became the coding style used by convention in the source code for the and.
See also. References. ^ Ward, Terry A.
(August 1983). Retrieved 31 January 2015. Prinz, Peter; Crawford, Tony (2005-12-16). O'Reilly Media, Inc.
Harmony at Work. October 24, 2009. Archived from on July 23, 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-03.; (February 1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.).:. (December 1983). Retrieved 24 July 2016.
^; (March 1988). (2nd ed.).:. Archived from on 2008-11-06.
External links., first edition available at the. Bell Labs Computing Sciences Research Center. Archived from on 2017-02-21. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
Another archived page:. standards Succeeded by (2nd edition of book).
When you order a plugin collection, you will receive the plugins attached to an email. Simply copy the attached file to your desktop and double click it. When the disk image opens you will see on the left hand side a folder that contains the ordered plugins and to the right you see an alias to the plugins folder of Final Cut Pro. Chv shining fx serial number.
8.0,: compiler: dual and MIT/X11 Libraries: 2: dual and 2.cs Website Major, Influenced by, Influenced,. at Wikibooks C# is a encompassing, (-based), and programming disciplines. It was developed around 2000 by within its initiative and later approved as a standard by (ECMA-334) and (ISO/IEC ). C# is one of the programming languages designed for the.
C# is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language. Its development team is led. The most recent version is C# 7.3, which was released in 2018 alongside 2017 version 15.7.2. Contents. Design goals The ECMA standard lists these design goals for C#:. The language is intended to be a simple, modern, general-purpose, language.
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The language, and implementations thereof, should provide support for software engineering principles such as checking, array, detection of attempts to use, and automatic. Software robustness, durability, and programmer productivity are important. The language is intended for use in developing suitable for deployment in distributed environments. Portability is very important for source code and programmers, especially those already familiar with and. Support for is very important.
C# is intended to be suitable for writing applications for both hosted and, ranging from the very large that use sophisticated, down to the very small having dedicated functions. Although C# applications are intended to be economical with regard to memory and requirements, the language was not intended to compete directly on performance and size with C or assembly language. History During the development of the, the were originally written using a compiler system called Simple Managed C (SMC).
In January 1999, formed a team to build a new language at the time called Cool, which stood for ' Object Oriented Language'. Microsoft had considered keeping the name 'Cool' as the final name of the language, but chose not to do so for trademark reasons. By the time the.NET project was publicly announced at the July 2000, the language had been renamed C#, and the class libraries and runtime had been ported to C#. Hejlsberg is C#'s principal designer and lead architect at Microsoft, and was previously involved with the design of, (formerly CodeGear Delphi, Inprise Delphi and Borland Delphi), and. In interviews and technical papers he has stated that flaws in most major programming languages (e.g., and ) drove the fundamentals of the (CLR), which, in turn, drove the design of the C# language itself., who created the programming language in 1994, and, a co-founder of, the originator of Java, called C# an 'imitation' of Java; Gosling further said that 'C# is sort of Java with reliability, productivity and security deleted.' Klaus Kreft and Angelika Langer (authors of a C streams book) stated in a blog post that 'Java and C# are almost identical programming languages.
Boring repetition that lacks innovation,' 'Hardly anybody will claim that Java or C# are revolutionary programming languages that changed the way we write programs,' and 'C# borrowed a lot from Java - and vice versa. Now that C# supports and unboxing, we'll have a very similar feature in Java.' In July 2000, Hejlsberg said that C# is 'not a Java clone' and is 'much closer to C' in its design. Since the release of C# 2.0 in November 2005, the C# and Java languages have evolved on increasingly divergent trajectories, becoming two very different languages. One of the first major departures came with the addition of to both languages, with vastly different implementations.
C# makes use of to provide 'first-class' generic objects that can be used like any other class, with code generation performed at class-load time. Furthermore, C# has added several major features to accommodate functional-style programming, culminating in the extensions released with C# 3.0 and its supporting framework of, and. These features enable C# programmers to use functional programming techniques, such as, when it is advantageous to their application. The LINQ extensions and the functional imports help developers reduce the amount of that is included in common tasks like querying a database, parsing an xml file, or searching through a data structure, shifting the emphasis onto the actual program logic to help improve readability and maintainability.
C# used to have a called Andy (named after Anders Hejlsberg). It was retired on January 29, 2004.
C# was originally submitted to the ISO subcommittee JTC 1/SC 22 for review, under ISO/IEC, was withdrawn and was then approved under ISO/IEC. Name Microsoft first used the name C# in 1988 for a variant of the C language designed for incremental compilation. That project was not completed but the name lives on. The name 'C sharp' was inspired by the musical notation where a indicates that the written note should be made a higher in. This is similar to the language name of, where ' indicates that a variable should be incremented by 1 after being evaluated. The sharp symbol also resembles a of four '+' symbols (in a two-by-two grid), further implying that the language is an increment of C.
Due to technical limitations of display (standard fonts, browsers, etc.) and the fact that the sharp symbol ( U+266F ♯ (HTML ♯)) is not present on most, the ( U+0023 # NUMBER SIGN (HTML #)) was chosen to approximate the sharp symbol in the written name of the programming language. This convention is reflected in the ECMA-334 C# Language Specification.
However, when it is practical to do so (for example, in advertising or in box art ), Microsoft uses the intended musical symbol. The 'sharp' suffix has been used by a number of other.NET languages that are variants of existing languages, including (a.NET language also designed by Microsoft that is derived from Java 1.1), (from ), and the language. The original implementation of was called Eiffel#, a name retired since the full language is now supported. The suffix has also been used for, such as (a.NET for and other libraries) and (a wrapper for ). Versions Version Language specification Date C# 1.0 January 2002 C# 1.1 C# 1.2 April 2003 November 2005 None November 2007 (Except LINQ) (Except LINQ) April 2010 April 2010 C# 5.0 None August 2012 C# 6.0 None July 2015 C# 7.0 None March 2017 C# 7.1 None None None August 2017 version 15.3 C# 7.2 None None None November 2017 version 15.5 C# 7.3 None None None May 2018 version 15.7 New features C# 2.0. See also: Some notable features of C# that distinguish it from C, C, and Java where noted, are: Portability By design, C# is the programming language that most directly reflects the underlying (CLI). Most of its intrinsic types correspond to value-types implemented by the CLI framework.
However, the language specification does not state the code generation requirements of the compiler: that is, it does not state that a C# compiler must target a Common Language Runtime, or generate (CIL), or generate any other specific format. Theoretically, a C# compiler could generate machine code like traditional compilers of C.
Typing C# supports strongly typed implicit variable declarations with the keyword var, and implicitly typed arrays with the keyword new followed by a collection initializer. C# supports a strict, bool. Statements that take conditions, such as while and if, require an expression of a type that implements the true operator, such as the Boolean type. While C also has a Boolean type, it can be freely converted to and from integers, and expressions such as if(a) require only that a is convertible to bool, allowing a to be an int, or a pointer. C# disallows this 'integer meaning true or false' approach, on the grounds that forcing programmers to use expressions that return exactly bool can prevent certain types of programming mistakes such as if (a = b) (use of assignment = instead of equality ). C# is more than C. The only implicit conversions by default are those that are considered safe, such as widening of integers.
This is enforced at compile-time, during, and, in some cases, at runtime. No implicit conversions occur between Booleans and integers, nor between enumeration members and integers (except for literal 0, which can be implicitly converted to any enumerated type).
Any user-defined conversion must be explicitly marked as explicit or implicit, unlike C and conversion operators, which are both implicit by default. C# has explicit support for in generic types, unlike C which has some degree of support for contravariance simply through the semantics of return types on virtual methods. Members are placed in their own. The C# language does not allow for global variables or functions. All methods and members must be declared within classes.
Static members of public classes can substitute for global variables and functions. Local variables cannot variables of the enclosing block, unlike C and C.
Metaprogramming via C# attributes is part of the language. Many of these attributes duplicate the functionality of GCC's and VisualC's platform-dependent preprocessor directives. Methods and functions Methods in programming language are the members of a class in a project, some methods have signatures and some don't have signatures.
Methods can be void or can return something like string, integer, double, decimal, float and bool. If a method is void it means that the method does not return any data type. Like C, and unlike Java, C# programmers must use the keyword virtual to allow methods to be overridden by subclasses. Extension methods in C# allow programmers to use static methods as if they were methods from a class's method table, allowing programmers to add methods to an object that they feel should exist on that object and its derivatives. The type dynamic allows for run-time method binding, allowing for JavaScript-like method calls and run-time object composition.
C# has support for strongly-typed function pointers via the keyword delegate. Like the Qt framework's pseudo-C signal and slot, C# has semantics specifically surrounding publish-subscribe style events, though C# uses delegates to do so. C# offers Java-like synchronized method calls, via the attribute MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.Synchronized), and has support for via the keyword lock.
Property C# provides as for a common pattern in which a pair of methods, encapsulate operations on a single of a class. No redundant method signatures for the getter/setter implementations need be written, and the property may be accessed using attribute syntax rather than more verbose method calls. Namespace A C# namespace provides the same level of code isolation as a Java package or a C namespace, with very similar rules and features to a package namespacescan only be imported with the 'using' function. Memory access In C#, memory address pointers can only be used within blocks specifically marked as unsafe, and programs with unsafe code need appropriate permissions to run. Most object access is done through safe object references, which always either point to a 'live' object or have the well-defined value; it is impossible to obtain a reference to a 'dead' object (one that has been garbage collected), or to a random block of memory. An unsafe pointer can point to an instance of a value-type, array, string, or a block of memory allocated on a stack. Code that is not marked as unsafe can still store and manipulate pointers through the System.IntPtr type, but it cannot dereference them.
Managed memory cannot be explicitly freed; instead, it is automatically garbage collected. Garbage collection addresses the problem of by freeing the programmer of responsibility for releasing memory that is no longer needed. Exception are not present in C# (in contrast to Java).
This has been a conscious decision based on the issues of scalability and versionability. Polymorphism Unlike, C# does not support, although a class can implement any number of interfaces. This was a design decision by the language's lead architect to avoid complication and simplify architectural requirements throughout CLI.
When implementing multiple interfaces that contain a method with the same signature, C# allows implementing each method depending on which interface that method is being called through, or, like Java, allows implementing the method once, and have that be the one invocation on a call through any of the class's interfaces. However, unlike, C# supports. Only the most commonly overloaded operators in C may be overloaded in C#. Language Integrated Query - LINQ C# has the ability to utilize through the Microsoft.NET Framework with the IEnumerable Interface a developer can query any.NET collection class, XML documents, ADO.NET datasets, and SQL databases. There are some advantages to using LINQ in C# and they are as follows: support, strong filtering capabilities, type safety with compile error checking ability, and brings consistency for querying data over a variety of sources. There are several different language structures that can be utilized with C# with LINQ and they are query expressions, lambda expressions, anonymous types, implicitly typed variables, extension methods, and object initializers.
Functional programming Though primarily an imperative language, C# 2.0 offered limited support for functional programming through and closures in the form of anonymous delegates. C# 3.0 expanded support for functional programming with the introduction of a lightweight syntax for lambda expressions, extension methods (an affordance for modules), and a syntax in the form of a 'query comprehension' language. Common type system C# has a unified type system. This unified type system is called (CTS). A unified type system implies that all types, including primitives such as integers, are subclasses of the System.
Object class. For example, every type inherits a ToString method.
Categories of data types CTS separates data types into two categories:. Reference types. Value types Instances of value types do not have referential identity nor referential comparison semantics - equality and inequality comparisons for value types compare the actual data values within the instances, unless the corresponding operators are overloaded. Value types are derived from System.
ValueType, always have a default value, and can always be created and copied. Some other limitations on value types are that they cannot derive from each other (but can implement interfaces) and cannot have an explicit default (parameterless) constructor.
Examples of value types are all primitive types, such as int (a signed 32-bit integer), float (a 32-bit IEEE floating-point number), char (a 16-bit Unicode code unit), and System. DateTime (identifies a specific point in time with nanosecond precision).
Other examples are enum (enumerations) and struct (user defined structures). In contrast, reference types have the notion of referential identity - each instance of a reference type is inherently distinct from every other instance, even if the data within both instances is the same. This is reflected in default equality and inequality comparisons for reference types, which test for referential rather than structural equality, unless the corresponding operators are overloaded (such as the case for System. In general, it is not always possible to create an instance of a reference type, nor to copy an existing instance, or perform a value comparison on two existing instances, though specific reference types can provide such services by exposing a public constructor or implementing a corresponding interface (such as ICloneable or IComparable).
Examples of reference types are object (the ultimate base class for all other C# classes), System. String (a string of Unicode characters), and System. Array (a base class for all C# arrays). Both type categories are extensible with user-defined types. Boxing and unboxing Boxing is the operation of converting a value-type object into a value of a corresponding reference type. Boxing in C# is implicit.
Unboxing is the operation of converting a value of a reference type (previously boxed) into a value of a value type. Unboxing in C# requires an explicit. A boxed object of type T can only be unboxed to a T (or a nullable T). Using System; The above line of code tells the compiler to use System as a candidate prefix for types used in the source code. In this case, when the compiler sees use of the Console type later in the source code, it tries to find a type named Console, first in the current assembly, followed by all referenced assemblies. In this case the compiler fails to find such a type, since the name of the type is actually System.Console.
The compiler then attempts to find a type named System.Console by using the System prefix from the using statement, and this time it succeeds. The using statement allows the programmer to state all candidate prefixes to use during compilation instead of always using full type names. Static void Main This declares the class member method where the program begins execution.
The.NET runtime calls the Main method. (Note: Main may also be called from elsewhere, like any other method, e.g. From another method of Program.) The makes the method accessible without an instance of Program. Each console application's Main entry point must be declared static. Otherwise, the program would require an instance, but any instance would require a program. To avoid that irresolvable, C# compilers processing (like that above) report an error, if there is no static Main method. The void keyword declares that Main has no.
for async. By convention, a is used for the second character in normal text; in artistic representations, sometimes a true is used: C♯. However the ECMA 334 standard states: 'The name C# is written as the LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C (U+0043) followed by the NUMBER SIGN # (U+0023).' . The Microsoft C# 2.0 specification document only contains the new 2.0 features. For older features, use the 1.2 specification above.
^ No ECMA or ISO/IEC specifications exist for C# 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, or 7.0. References. Retrieved 2017-12-15. Torgersen, Mads (October 27, 2008). Retrieved October 28, 2008.
^ Naugler, David (May 2007). 'C# 2.0 for C and Java programmer: conference workshop'.
Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges. Although C# has been strongly influenced by Java it has also been strongly influenced by C and is best viewed as a descendant of both C and Java. Hamilton, Naomi (October 1, 2008). Retrieved February 12, 2010.
We all stand on the shoulders of giants here and every language builds on what went before it so we owe a lot to C, C, Java, Delphi, all of these other things that came before us. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
Borenszweig, Ary. It's heavily inspired by Ruby, and other languages (like C#, Go and Python).
Retrieved 22 December 2013. Java 5.0 added several new language features (the, and ), after they were introduced in the similar (and competing) C# language. Cornelius, Barry (December 1, 2005). Computing Services. Retrieved June 18, 2014. In my opinion, it is C# that has caused these radical changes to the Java language. Ring Team (5 December 2017).
Lattner, Chris (2014-06-03). Chris Lattner.
Retrieved 2014-06-03. The Swift language is the product of tireless effort from a team of language experts, documentation gurus, compiler optimization ninjas, and an incredibly important internal dogfooding group who provided feedback to help refine and battle-test ideas. Of course, it also greatly benefited from the experiences hard-won by many other languages in the field, drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, CLU, and far too many others to list. ^ (PDF) (4th ed.). Retrieved January 26, 2012. Microsoft Docs.
Zander, Jason (November 24, 2008). Retrieved February 23, 2009.
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Retrieved February 21, 2008. Hamilton, Naomi (October 1, 2008). Retrieved October 1, 2008. Wylie Wong (2002). CNET: CBS Interactive.
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Don Box and Anders Hejlsberg (February 2007). Retrieved March 21, 2011. Mercer, Ian (April 15, 2010). Retrieved March 21, 2011. Dan Fernandez's Blog. January 29, 2004. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
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Mariani, Rico. Rico Mariani's Performance Tidbits. Kovacs, James (September 7, 2007).
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Archived from (JPEG) on June 22, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2009. Microsoft Research. Archived from on February 18, 2009. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
Simon, Raphael; Stapf, Emmanuel; Meyer, Bertrand (June 2002). Retrieved June 18, 2009.
May 13, 2007. Retrieved October 4, 2012. Microsoft Developer Network. Retrieved 11 June 2014. ^ Hejlsberg, Anders; Torgersen, Mads.
Microsoft Developer Network. Retrieved 11 June 2014. Ghosh, Wriju. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
^ Burrows, Chris. Microsoft Developer Network. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
Hejlsberg, Anders. C# lead architect. Retrieved September 21, 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015. Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 2017-06-09.
C Language Complete Reference Pdf Free Download
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Retrieved 2018-06-23. Visual Studio 2010 and.NET 4 Six-in-One. Venners, Bill; Eckel, Bruce (August 18, 2003). Retrieved March 30, 2010.
Zhang et al., 'Research of the Database Access Technology Under.NET Framework', Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vols. 3077-3080, 2014. Otey, M. LINQ to the future. SQL Server Magazine, 8, 17-21.
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